第五部分  补全短文

（两篇）

Chest compressions most important of CPR1

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest.2 The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim's mouth and repeated presses on the chest. __________(1)__________

However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet.3 Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest. In all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen.

More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. __________(2)________ The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient's survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. __________(3)__________

The American Heart Association4 changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005. __________(4)__________ Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. __________(5)__________

Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get to a medical center.

 

词汇：

chest n. 胸，胸廓

compression n. 压迫；加压

pump n. 泵 vt. 压出

lifesaving adj. 救生的 n. 救生（法）

press vt. n. 压，按

Tokyo n. 东京（日本）

witness n. 目击者；证人  v.  见证，作证

rescue vt. n. 救援，营救

guildline n. 方针，准则

注释：

 1  CPR (cardiopulmanory resuscitation)：心肺复苏（术）

 2  cardiac arrest ( = heart arrest )：心动停止，心搏停止  

 3  The Lancet：柳叶刀（英国一家外科学杂志的名称，lancet原义是一种外科手术刀的名称）   

4  American Heart Association (AHA)：美国心脏协会

 

练习：

 A  So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR.

 B  Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.

 C  CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.

 D  His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease.

E  It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given.

F  No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.

 

答案与题解：

1  C  本空白处的前一句是介绍CPR是什么东西，而六个选项中，C项也是介绍CPR的，因此放在一起是恰当的。

2  F  本空白处的前一句说“给439位病人只做胸部加压”，而第一段说过，“CPR包括胸部加压和口对口呼吸”，可见F项说“没做口对口呼吸的急救措施”是补充说明前一句的。   

3  B  本空白处的前面两句说到，“只用胸部加压抢救过来的人大脑损害比较小，有22%存活下来的人大脑功能良好”，接下来这一句肯定是要与传统的两种方法结合的抢救模式作对比，选项B正好是这样的内容。  

4  E  本空白处的前一句是说“美国心脏协会于2005年修改了CPR中胸部加压的指导准则”，空白处的后面又没有提到如何修改，选项E正好填补了这个内容。而且还要注意，选项E中的It said只能适用于American Heart Association，其它空白处均不合适。   

5  D  这一段都是叙述心理病医生Gordon Ewy的观点，在其它地方都没有提到他，因此选项D “His studies show…”实际上已经为我们提供了答题的线索，何况内容也能前后衔接。

U.S., European drug officials approve inhaled insulin

A form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The new medicine is called Exubera.1 The United States Food and Drug Administration2 and the European Commission3 both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insulin injections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take Exubera. __________(1)__________

Three drug companies -- Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics -- developed the inhaled insulin. __________(2)__________ Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need insulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day.

Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet. It can also lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.4 Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using the inhaled insulin. __________(3)__________

Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. __________(4)__________ Most Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by mouth. Diet, exercise and weight control are also important. Type One diabetes often begins in childhood. __________(5)__________

Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two would still need a longer-lasting injection at least once a day.

 

词汇：

inhale vt. 吸入 vi. 吸气

insulin n. 胰岛素

diabetes n. 糖尿病；多尿症

diabetic adj. 糖尿病的  n. 糖尿病患者

injection n. 注射；注射液，针剂

therapeutics n. 治疗学；疗法，治疗

hormone n. 激素，荷尔蒙

stroke n.（疾病）发作；中风

mouthpiece n. 接口管

注释：

1.        Exubera：一种胰岛素雾化吸入剂的商品名 

2.        United States Food and Drug Administration：美国食品及药品管理局 

3.        European Commission：欧盟委员会（简称欧委会，是欧盟的常设机构，也是欧盟唯一有权起草法令的机构） 

4.        kidney failure：肾衰竭（这里failure是“衰竭”的意思）

练习：

A  With this type the body is unable to produce insulin.

B  Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide.

C  The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes.

D  It is common in people who are overweight and not active.

E  Some patients with lung disease should not take it either.

F  People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that.

 

答案与题解：

1.  E  此空白处的前一句说，“抽烟的人和戒烟不足六个月的人不能使用Exubera这种新药”，而选项E说，“一些患有肺部疾病的病人也不能用”，这里either实际上起到提示作用，使前后句紧密衔接。

2.  B  此空白处的前一句说到，“三家制药公司研发了这种吸入型的胰岛素”，那么怎么销售呢？选项B“Pfizer公司最近买到全球的销售权”填到这里是再恰当不过的了。 

3.  F  本空白处的前一句说到，“有些人在使用吸入型胰岛素时有轻度咳嗽”，那根据推理自然要叫这种病人去作肺部检查，选项F正是这方面的内容，而且肺部检查只有与咳嗽才能联系在一起，无法将其填入其它空白处。 

4.  D  本段解释两种类型的糖尿病。“II型糖尿病人的身体无法制造足够的胰岛素或者无法有效利用身体所产生的胰岛素”，而前面已经说到，“身体就是利用胰岛素来将食物转化成能量”的，所以根据推理，“肥胖不活动的人”一定易患II型糖尿病。

5.  A  空白处的前一句说，“I型糖尿病常常在儿童时期就开始”，即使没有医学常识的人也应该从前面介绍II型糖尿病中找到本空白处的答案，因为前面说到，“II型糖尿病人的身体无法制造足够的胰岛素或者无法有效利用身体所产生的胰岛素”，可见II型糖尿病人的身体多少还是能够制造胰岛素的，相比之下，I型糖尿病人的身体一定“不能制造胰岛素”了。

 

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